[Radio-histological correlation of ACR4 microcalcifications in breast lesions: about 181 cases and literature review]. / Corrélation radio-histologique des lésions mammaires ACR4: à propos de 181 cas et revue de la littérature.

The Bi-RADS (Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System) classification developed by the ACR (American College of Radiology) is the classification system for radiological images recommended for breast cancer screening. The ACR 4 microcalcification is an indeterminate or suspected abnormality with 2-95% probability of malignancy, according to studies. This disparity pushed us to conduct this retrospective study of 181 patients in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology I at the Hassan II University Hospital, Fez, over a period of 5 years. This study aimed to report the histological results of breast lesions radiologically classified as ACR4 in order to assess their radio-histological correlation and to improve therapeutic approach. All patients underwent breast imaging examinations and then anatomopathologic examination was performed using different techniques. There was a clear predominance of benign lesions with a rate of 62% versus 29% of malignant lesions and only 9% were intermediate lesions. Adenofibroma was the most common histological finding (30% of cases), invasive ductal carcinoma was the most frequent malignant lesion (17% of cases). We performed a literature review which showed that our results were in line with findings of other studies, with a positive predictive value of 29%. Nevertheless, ACR classification divided into subcategories 4a, b and c should be used due to the significant number of unnecessary surgical interventions.

Benign tumors and tumor-like lesions of the adult kidney. Part I: Benign renal epithelial neoplasms.

The spectrum of renal neoplasms has expanded in recent years. Although most of the work taking place in this field has concerned malignant neoplasms of the kidney, there have been significant improvements in our knowledge of benign renal tumors and tumor-like lesions, especially in renal cell adenoma, renal oncocytoma, and renal angiomyolipoma. Awareness and knowledge of these benign lesions is important because they are often included in the differential diagnoses of malignant tumors, with which they may be confused both clinically and pathologically. The authors review the topic of benign renal neoplasms and tumor-like lesions that occur in adults, emphasizing some of the newly described aspects of these lesions.

Papillary and metanephric adenomas of the kidney.

Papillary renal adenomas are the commonest neoplasms of the renal tubular epithelium, occurring in up to 40% of adults. If these criteria are met, the diagnosis of adenoma can be made with confidence: (1) papillary, tubular, or tubulopapillary architecture; (2) diameter less than or equal to 5 mm; and (3) does not histologically resemble clear cell, chromophobe, or collecting duct renal cell carcinomas. They are composed of epithelial cells with variable amounts of cytoplasm with variable tinctorial qualities including clear. Metanephric adenoma and metanephric adenofibroma are closely related neoplasms that appear to be benign. Although they have a morphological resemblance to Wilms' tumor, there is some genetic evidence relating them to papillary adenoma and papillary renal cell carcinoma. Metanephric adenoma and metanephric adenofibroma occur at all ages, have a 2:1 predominance of female patients, and are associated with polycythemia. No instance of malignant behavior has been reported. The adenomatous component is composed of uniform small cells arranged in tubular or papillary architectural patterns. The fibromatous component is moderately cellular and composed of bland spindle cells.

Multiple fibroadenomas of the breast: a problem of uncertain incidence and management.

A case is presented of multiple fibroadenomas of the breasts in a young Caucasian woman followed over a period of 10 years. A total of 22 individual lesions have been identified. Review of the literature gives little guidance regarding incidence, natural history and management of this condition. It is proposed that a register be set up to obtain basic data on this rare condition. The authors would be willing to collate cases submitted to such a register.

[Signal characteristics of malignant and benign lesions in dynamic 2D-MRT of the breast]. / Signalverhalten maligner und benigner Läsionen in der dynamischen 2D-MRT der Mamma.

In a retrospective study of 400 dynamic MR examinations of the breast the signal/time ratio of 62 histopathologically correlated lesions (19 benign, 42 malignant) was evaluated. Points of evaluation were initial signal enhancement (1st and 2nd minute), post-initial signal appearance (2nd to 5th minute) and signal distribution (homogeneous, marginal). Based on these criteria, a point system was defined to help in the assessment of lesions in dynamic breast-MR imaging. The overall sensitivity of this method was 95.3%, the specificity to 89.5% and the accuracy to 93.5%. Pitfalls resulted in two cases of non-invasive carcinoma and in two patients with fibroadenoma.

[Whole body positron emission tomography in breast cancer]. / Ganzkörper-Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie beim Mammakarzinom.

The value of whole body positron emission tomography using F-18 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-d-glucose in primary work-up and follow-up was prospectively evaluated in 37 patients with primary or metastatic breast cancer. From 20 primary breast masses 15 from 16 malignant and 4 from 4 benign lesions confirmed by biopsy, were detected. In 3 out of 21 patients in correlation to morphologic imaging, respectively biopsy, no metastatic disease was not identified. Generally speaking, whole body positron emission tomography appears to be a suitable diagnostic staging tool in breast cancer.

Effects of high-fat diet on incidence of spontaneous tumors in Wistar rats.

In a 2.5-year carcinogenicity study, two groups, both including male and female Wistar rats, were fed two different diets with 4% and 16% fat. In addition to 4% soybean oil, the high-fat diet contained 12% mono- and diglycerides, of which 85% was stearic acid and 13% palmitic acid. There was no difference in food consumption, body weight, weight gain, and longevity between the two groups. A statistically significant increase in the incidence of tumors in the high-fat group was seen in fibroadenoma of the mammae (female, p = 0.05). No statistically significant difference was seen when the incidence of benign mammary tumors (adenomas and fibroadenomas) was combined, just as the overall incidence of mammary tumors (adenomas, fibroadenomas, and adenocarcinomas) was not significantly different between the groups. A statistically significant decrease in the incidence of tumors in the high-fat group was seen in adenoma of the parathyroid gland (male, p = 0.04) and medullary carcinoma of the adrenal gland (male, p = 0.04). Combining the incidence of benign and malignant tumors of the adrenal medulla led to a further increase in the level of significance (p = 0.02). The present study showed that a high-fat diet influenced the tumor incidence in certain organs of rats. However, the overall differences in tumor incidence between rats fed the low- and the high-fat diet are considered marginal. Therefore we were not able to confirm or deny the hypothesis that a high-fat diet promotes the development of cancer. It should be noted that, in our study, fat accounted for about 30% of the total energy in the high-fat diet. This is much below the amount of fat normally found in the western diet but corresponds well to the level recommended for human intake. In addition, the rats fed the high-fat diet did not gain more weight, even though no difference was recorded in food consumption (g/kg body wt) between the groups.

Age-related breast diagnosis.

Of the three commonest symptoms found in 3294 patients referred to a specialty breast clinic--mass, nodularity and pain--only nodularity was age related. Only 30% of the patients had a clinically localized abnormality, and only 19% of these abnormalities were suggestive of carcinoma. The majority of suggestive lesions were in women over 55 years of age. Of the patients seen because of a breast lump, 46% were found to have a significant mass. Most abnormalities were found in patients presenting with a mass or nipple discharge, and the significance was age related. Symptoms associated with the lowest rate of positive biopsies were nodularity, pain and skin or nipple changes. The biopsy and cancer rates were significantly age related. The cancer rate in women 40 years of age and under was 0.8%, between 41 and 55 the rate was 5%, and in those over 55 it was 21%. The predominant finding in young women was a fibroadenoma. In the middle age range fibrocystic change was most common, and in postmenopausal women most of the lesions were malignant.

Risk factors for fibroadenoma: a case-control study in Australia.

Risk factors for fibroadenoma were examined in a case-control study involving 117 fibroadenoma cases ascertained by a major private pathology laboratory in Adelaide, Australia, between January 1983 and October 1985. For each case a population control was randomly selected from the electoral roll in Adelaide and matched to the corresponding case by sex, age, and socioeconomic grading of area of residence. Another 189 women whose first biopsy for benign breast disease was examined in the same laboratory during the same time period as those of the cases, but did not show evidence of epithelial proliferation, were also included in the study as a biopsy control group. Risk of fibroadenoma was associated inversely with the Quetelet index, but there was no evidence of an association with age at menarche or menopausal status. The risk of fibroadenoma decreased with an increasing number of full-term pregnancies and was increased in association with use of oral contraceptives at an early age (under 20 years); however, these two associations were observed only when cases were compared with the population controls. Alcohol consumption and dietary fat intake were found not to be associated with altered risk of fibroadenoma, while in multivariate analyses, duration of cigarette smoking and daily vitamin C intake were both shown to have inverse associations with risk of fibroadenoma. Although fibroadenoma does share some risk factors with breast cancer, there is insufficient evidence to suggest that it represents a precursor state.

Fibroadenomatoid mastopathy: another distractive breast lesion?

Although most anatomical pathologists have encountered breast lesions with the composite histological features of fibroadenoma (FA) and fibrocystic change (FC), referred to as fibroadenomatosis or fibroadenomatoid mastopathy (FAM), little is known about its prevalence or clinico-pathological significance. In a retrospective histological review of 400 consecutive breast lesions, among both East and West Malaysians, coded either as FA or FC in the files of the Department of Pathology, University of Malaya, we found 45 (11.3%) cases of FAM. Typically, FAM lesions showed fibroadenomatoid foci in a background of fibrocystic change. The finding of FAM among lesions coded as FC was higher (18.5%) than among FA (4%). The mean age of patients with FAM (32.1 years) was similar to FC (35.1 years) but significantly older than that of FA (26.1 years). The notion that FA and FC are lesions at two ends of a spectrum of growth disorder of breast related to oestrogen-progesterone interplay, and that FAM occupies a position intermediate between the two, may explain its morphological and age patterns, but remains speculative. It is hoped that increasing awareness of this condition will lead to better understanding of breast pathophysiology. Nevertheless, until its biological nature, histogenesis and malignant potential are more clearly understood, defining FAM as a distinct form of breast disease may not be meaningful to patient management.

[The effect of low-frequency electromagnetic fields on the development of experimental mammary tumors]. / Vliianie nizkochastotnykh élektromagnitnykh polei na razvitie éksperimental'nykh opukholei molochnoi zhelezy.

The paper discusses the effect of low-frequency electromagnetic fields on the development of nitrosomethylurea-induced breast cancer in rats. The occurrence, mean latency period and morphological pattern of breast malignancy was shown to depend upon duration of exposure to variable and static magnetic fields.

Benign breast tumours in an African population.

A detailed prospective clinical study of 238 women presenting with benign breast swellings in the South Eastern equatorial rainforest of Nigeria clearly shows that 94% of lesions were due to two disorders, fibroadenomas and bacterial infections, and that they affected mostly young women in the peak of their reproductive life. Fibroadenoma which accounted for disease in no less than 69% of the women was multiple in 8%, bilateral in 11%, and was considered giant in size in 5% of the cases; by contrast, fibroadenosis was rare, accounting for swellings in only eight patients. Bacterial infections, chronic pyogenic mastitis and tuberculosis together caused breast swellings in 25% of the women studied. In tropical Africa, multiple chronic discharging sinuses suggest tuberculosis of the breast.

Fibroadenomas cardiacos en la infancia. Informe de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Cardiac fibroadenomas in childhood: Case report and review of literature

Se presenta un caso de fibroma cardíaco en una niña de cuatro meses con cuadro clínico final de choque cardiogénico. El diagnóstico se estableció en el estudio de autopsia. El tumor midió 4 X 6 cm. y se localizó en el septum interventricular con extensión amplia a ambos ventrículos, reduciendo la cavidad cardíaca en un 30% aproximadamente. Se analizan las características epidemiológicas, clínicas e histopatológicas de esta entidad

Afecçöes benignas da mama / Benign breast diseases

Em estudo retrospectivo, foram analisados 508 casos de patologia benigna da mama, ocorridos na 28a. Enfermaria da Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro, Serviço do Prof. Alkindar Soares, entre os anos de 1973 a 1986. Foram selecionados apenas os casos em que houve necessidade de tratamento cirúrgico. O tratamento clínico näo foi discutido. Procedeu-se a um estudo detalhado sobre 255 casos de displasia, 139 de fibroadenoma, 39 de hipertrofia, 22 de ptose, 11 de lipoma, nove de papiloma, nove de abscesso, oito de mama supraumerária, três de cistossarcoma phyllodes e dois de fibroma. Inicialmente é exposta uma breve revisäo da literatura

Fibroadenoma and the use of exogenous hormones. A case-control study.

The association between fibroadenoma and the use of exogenous hormones in women aged 18-74 years was examined in a case-control study conducted in Connecticut during 1979-1981. The study population included 251 women with biopsy-confirmed fibroadenoma and 1,081 control women drawn from inpatient and outpatient general surgical services of five Connecticut hospitals. Among women under age 45 years, oral contraceptive use was negatively associated with the occurrence of fibroadenoma (age-adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.57, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.42-0.79). The odds ratio for women over age 45 years who had ever used oral contraceptives was 1.65 (95% CI = 0.58-4.68). Women over age 45 years who had ever used replacement estrogens had an elevated odds ratio for fibroadenoma (OR = 2.83, 95% CI = 1.21-6.60). The data suggest either that the effects of exogenous hormones may differ by age, or that the changing composition of exogenous hormones has brought about different associations depending upon the cohort of women.

Fibroadenomatosis (fibroadenomatoid mastopathy): a benign breast lesion with composite pathologic features.

A benign breast lesion with the composite histologic features of a fibroadenoma and fibrocystic changes has been referred to previously as fibroadenomatosis or fibroadenomatoid mastopathy; this lesion is distinct from the typical well circumscribed fibroadenoma that may have fibrocystic changes. The purpose of our study was to ascertain the frequency of this change among 200 consecutive breast biopsies and excisions with a coded pathologic diagnosis of fibroadenoma and/or "fibrocystic disease"; we identified these changes in 23 (11.5%) specimens. The lesion was characterized by microscopic fibroadenomatoid foci intermingled with dilated ducts, epitheliosis, and adenosis. It is suggested that fibroadenomatosis is yet another pattern in the complex morphologic spectrum known as benign proliferative breast disease. From our experience, this particular lesion was often appreciated as a unique finding, but the appropriate diagnostic designation was in question. The natural history of fibroadenomatosis is essentially unknown. It may represent a morphologic stage in the development of fibroadenoma(s).